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Interleukin 2 is a cytokine that has pleiotropic properties and regulates several functional responses of target cells. It induces T cell proliferation (acting as a growth factor) and effector T cell synthesis of cytokines, thus providing an effector response. IL-2 is also a key factor in the development, expansion and maintenance of regulatory T cells, which plays an important role in balancing and regulating the immune response and preventing autoimmune diseases. Interleukin 2 is also capable of activating a number of other cells (B-lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils), triggering the processes of autivation and expression of receptor genes in them, the synthesis of effector molecules, and phosphorylation pathways for many intracellular proteins.

Leukemiainhibitoryfactor (LIF), also known as differentiation stimulating factor (D factor) or melanoma-derived LPL inhibitor (MLPLI). LIF is involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, neurodevelopment, and inflammation.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a hematopoietic growth factor and an immune response modulator. Human GM-CSF is a 127 amino acid monomeric protein with two glycosylation sites. The variability in glycosylation results in differences in molecular weight ranging from 14 kDa to 35 kDa. Non-glycosylated and glycosylated GM-CSF show similar activity in vitro.

Stem cell factor is a growth factor produced mainly by fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The cytokine SCF plays an important role in the survival and proliferation of hematopoietic cells, melanocytes and germ cells, their migration and differentiation.

Placental Growth Factor, PlGF is a protein from the family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), synthesized mainly by trophoblast cells, stimulating the development of placental vessels and proliferation of trophoblast cells.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor is one of the key regulators of angiogenesis. The most important role in the human body is played by a protein of the VEGF family called VEGF-A. VEGF-A is a 45 kDa glycoprotein homodimer and plays a key role in chemotaxis and angioblast differentiation, endotheliocyte (EC) proliferation, vasculogenesis, and vascular remodeling. As a result of alternative splicing or proteolytic cleavage, 4 main isoforms of VEGF-A are formed, consisting of 121, 165, 189, or 206 amino acid residues.